Odessa Linguistic Journal

VERBAL REPRESENTATION OF BLIND PEOPLE IN ENGLISH NEWS DISCOURSE: A CONSTRUCTIONIST APPROACH

Ірина Валеріївна Данильченко — Wed, 19 Feb 2020 00:00:00 +0000

In this study, blindness-constructions are understood as patterns consisting of two or more words referring to people with the decreasing ability to see, all forms of blindness or sight impairment and the situations of vision loss. The results show that in BBC news texts blindness-constructions are used in the immediate, modified and extended forms. The immediate blindness-constructions identify blind people as participants of situations, differentiate them from the fully- and partially-sighted and describe their stable attributes without reference to any specific situation. They are mostly used in a fixed form and include combinations of words with the nouns impairment, sight / vision, diagnose, condition and the adjective blind. The modified blindness-constructions enriched with one or two words provide additional information about the degree of vision loss and specific forms of sight impairment. The modifying elements can either broaden the meaning of immediate constructions adding extra information or narrow it indicating specific details and restricting the constructions’ usage to particular contexts.The extended blindness-constructions made up of two immediate or modified ones represent the generalized models of situations depicted in the news texts: interior and exterior. The former describe inner states of blind people, their abilities, actions and experiences; the latter refer to the relations between different participants of events including blind, partially- and fully-sighted persons. The extended blindness-constructions referring to interior situations describe impairment in one eye or both; indicate the person’s age, quality of blind people’s life and their adapting to the circumstances. The constructions referring to exterior situations describe low expectations of what blind people can do and the challenges they face.

КРИТИЧНИЙ АНАЛІЗ У ДОСЛІДЖЕННІ СОЦІАЛЬНО-ПОЛІТИЧНОГО ДИСКУРСУ СУЧАСНОЇ ПОЛІНАЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ АНГЛІЙСЬКОЇ МОВИ

Ольга Валеріївна Домніч — Wed, 19 Feb 2020 00:00:00 +0000

Research in the field of (critical) analysis of socio-political discourse is conducted widely. The political situation in the world and a great variety of public institutions and political organizations contribute to and require scientific research in the context of the analysis of various types of institutional discourse (public and publicistic). Critical discourse analysis is indispensable and essential when the subject of analysis is the dominance of power or society, and relations between ethnic, national, political, religious, cultural, and other social groups and communities. The potential scope of this approach is everything related to the analysis of social power that is, the study of language and speech in political institutions, social organizations, the mass media (newspaper and magazine journalism), etc. The contextual meaning and intertextuality of critical discourse analysis are caused by comprehensive information about historical and social conditions that reveal the actual problems of society, socio-psychological, cognitive and lingual modifications in the national-linguocultural community, that is certainly necessary fot the studying of the socio-political (namely, public and publicistic) discourse that functions in the system of the modern polynational English language.

The implementation of critical discourse analysis is represented by the interdisciplinary integration of various theories within a single social-cognitive-discursive study. Taking into account different views of critical discourse analysis, as well as the purpose, objectives, actual factual material of the own research, we note that the approaches of Norman Fairclough and Ruth Vodak to the analysis of institutional discourse are the most relevant to research the correlation of functioning of the modern polynational English language and social modifications in a multinational linguocultural community as a whole.

FOREIGN LANGUAGE INCLUSIONS IN THE NOVELS BY ERNEST HEMINGWAY: THEIR AUTHOR’S INTERPRETATION

Альбіна Павлівна Ладиненко — Wed, 19 Feb 2020 00:00:00 +0000

The article is devoted to the author’s interpretation of foreign language inclusions (foreignisms) in the English fiction texts written by Ernest Hemingway. Author’s interpretation suggests that interpretation is made by the author of the text. Different methods and techniques of that type of interpretation is described in the article in detail and accompanied by the corresponding illustrations from the following novels “Fiesta, and the Sun Also Rises”, “For Whom the Bell Tons”, “The Undefeated”. Author’s incorporation techniques of semantic equivalents of foreignisms being described in detail. The author's interpretation can be provided by following types: 1) interlanguage synonymy (within the micro, meso and macro context) or 2) explications (detailed description) in the language of the recipient.

Interlanguage synonymy implies translation of a word or a whole segment of foreign inclusion on the language of the recipient with the help of the corresponding elements that have very close meaning to the original. Foreign language inclusion can take a pre-positioning and postposition in relation to the explanatory context, From the point of view of maintaining the reader's interest explanation in postposition has a stronger position. As well as that explanations-retardation can be found in the texts. It means that explication is considerably distanced from the foreign inclusion. In turns, it activates the creative ability of the reader, forcing him to build appropriate guesses and assumptions.

Another type of interpretation that is used by the author is author’s explications (descriptions), that resemble the encyclopedic references. It often appear in those cases when it is necessary to explain some historical reality of national or ethnic character.

The analysis of Ernest Hemingway’s works showed that the author often integrates translation of foreignisms in the main body of the text as the harmonious elements of the everyday communication.

POLITENESS STRATEGIES IN THE INTERVIEW WITH MICHELLE OBAMA

Anna Jurčenko — Wed, 19 Feb 2020 00:00:00 +0000

The current paper aims at studying the strategies of positive and negative politeness, as well as at observing the compliance with these strategies in the interview of the radio host Tom Joyner with Michelle Obama. The goal is to compare the employment of positive and negative politeness strategies by the interviewers and the interviewee via conversational analysis, correlating the choice of the strategies with the desired effect that the participants of the interview planned to achieve. Theoretically, the overview of several concepts, such as face, face-threatening acts and the types of politeness is performed. Empirically, the quantitative research shows that positive politeness strategies are used more often than negative politeness strategies, both by the interviewers and interviewee. The goal of the interlocutors is to have a friendly atmosphere, but it was done for different purposes. The interviewers used positive politeness strategies in order to make the interview more successful and lively, as any person would feel comfortable and open if the atmosphere is amicable. However, the choice of positive politeness strategies by Michelle Obama can be explained by her wish to have a positive and friendly image, which can influence the audience, who are also possible voters. Michelle Obama’s choice of strategies is believed to serve for intensifying interest and sympathy of the listeners, as well as for the purposes of unifying her audience. The paper highlights the pragmatic power of language, stressing the role that it plays in politics via creating a friendly image that would have a positive effect on the audience, thus helping to reveal the ‘hidden’ information, which influences our minds and opinions.

STRUCTURAL-SEMANTIC AND STATISTICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THREE-COMPONENT ATTRIBUTIVE CONSTRUCTIONS IN THE OFFICIAL DISCOURSE GENRES

Людмила Юхимівна Цапенко, Олена Сергіївна Мардаренко, Тамара Іванівна Кудинова — Wed, 19 Feb 2020 00:00:00 +0000

The paper considers three-component attributive constructions (TCACs) functioning in the official discourse texts. Four genres of official discourse have been taken as a material: “British Council Correspondence”, the texts included in the correspondence of the British Council with teachers of universities in foreign countries; the juridical documents of the Administrative Tribunal of the International Labor Organization (ILO; the texts of operating instruction for Toyota vehicles; the texts containing formulas of inventions in physics and radio electronics, extracted from the licensed sources. They could conditionally be called “humanitarian” (official correspondence, juridical documents), which are close to colloquial speech, and “technical” (car operating instructions, formulas of inventions (licenses), which, respectively, reflect written language. This selection allows to determine the differential and integral features of the analyzed TCACs as inside each mentioned pairs and between them. The total volume of text corpora was 200 thousand word tokens, so the texts of each genre include text corpora of 50 thousand word tokens. The goal is to describe and comparatively analyze their structural, semantic and statistical characteristics. The results have demonstrated that three-component attributive constructions in all four genres of official discourse are characterized by a large variety of models. The greatest variety of TCACs models is observed in the formulas of inventions (licenses) genre – 23 models; 19 different types of TCACs models are in official correspondence; the genre of car operating instructions presents 16 different types; the genre of juridical documents has 14 types of models. Within the two so-called “humanitarian” genres, a partial mismatch in usage of models has been found. In the genres of car operating instructions and formulas of inventions (patents), more coincidences were observed. The most frequent model in all genres is SSS (noun + noun + noun). Besides this model possesses the most extensive semantic structure as compared to the other ones occurred in the analyzed text corpora.

ПРЯМА ТА ОПОСЕРЕДКОВАНА АКТУАЛІЗАЦІЯ АРХІСЕМИ ‘НАСЕЛЕНИЙ ПУНКТ’ В АНГЛІЙСЬКІЙ ТА УКРАЇНСЬКІЙ МОВАХ: ЗІСТАВНИЙ АСПЕКТ

Оксана Олександрівна Кодубовська — Wed, 19 Feb 2020 00:00:00 +0000

The article deals with the contrastive analysis of direct and indirect actualization of the arch-seme ‘inhabited place’ in the English and Ukrainian languages. The systemic organization of the vocabulary makes it possible to describe it, creates classifications and single out the relations between separate units. The usage of the notion of lexical-semantic group, which unites words due to nuclear element of their seme structure, arch-seme, made it possible to study lexical units denoting an inhabited place. The aim of the article is singling out isomorphic and allomorphic features of the actualization of the arch-seme ‘inhabited place’ in the English and Ukrainian languages. During the research the group of the nouns which actualize the arch-seme ‘inhabited place’ directly or indirectly in their seme structure is defined as the lexical-semantic group ‘inhabited place’. Direct actualization of the arch-seme takes place in the English and Ukrainian languages when word combinations inhabited (populated / settled) place (area) and населений пункт are used in the dictionary definitions. Indirect actualization of the arch-seme takes place when appellatives are defined with the help of other lexemes denoting an inhabited place in the dictionary definitions. The results of the research demonstrate the existence of isomorphic and allomorphic features in the meaning of vocabulary contrasted in the English and Ukrainian languages.

Лінгводискурсивні контрасти політичного критисайзингу (німецько-українська паралель)

Ольга Варецька — Wed, 19 Feb 2020 00:00:00 +0000

The article deals with discursive criticising strategies in the electoral discourse of Germany and Ukraine from a contrastive perspective. The leading features of criticism in the political discourse are appraisal, agonalism, aggressiveness and persuasiveness. The subject of the study is the contemporary political discourse of Germany and Ukraine. The article identifies the linguistic discursive contrasts of political criticism in the contemporary political discourse of Germany and Ukraine. The paper determines the types, forms and functions of criticism in political discourse, describes the in-depth structure of critical utterances and their semantic conditions, developes a hypothesis, linguistic material and stages of two-way comparative analysis through tertium comparationis, the basis of which is the idealized notion of "political criticism". The strategy of destructive criticism is implemented by tactics of criticism-reproach, criticism-condemnation and criticism-defeat, which is perceived as by the addressee as adverse. In turn, the strategy of constructive criticism is implemented by the tactics of criticism-discussion, criticism-examination and criticism-analysis, which create a favorable impression on the addressee of the criticism. Political criticism is an important component of public communication, which in Germany and Ukraine has its linguistic and cultural traditions and depends on the mental and cultural characteristics of politicians, the motivational tendencies of critical rhetoric, belonging to one of the parties in oppositional discourses "own / alien", "opposition / power" , "new / old", "subordinate / leader", as well as the speaker's personal rhetorical competence, the degree of eloquence of his / her speech, etc.

IDEAL TYPES IN LINGUISTICS: NEW APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF THE CHARISMA CONCEPT IN POLITICAL DISCOURSE

Наталія Володимирівна Петлюченко — Wed, 19 Feb 2020 00:00:00 +0000

The phenomenon of charisma has been a popular object of humanitarian studies for the past hundred years and has given rise to numerous disputes about its nature and forms among sociologists, political scientists, psychologists, philosophers, theologians, anthropologists, and linguists. The paper presents an analysis of charisma-correlates in the language of political leaders in modern German, American und Ukrainian political discourses and suggests a novel linguistic discursive model for identifying future charismatic leaders. The discursive description of charismatic leaders and the discovery of their contrastive features relies on biological, social, psychological and linguistic parameters forming their charismatic discourse portraits. Of decisive importance in this context, is the rhetoric of public appearance, expressive combative position, hortatority, timbral, prosodic and gesture-mimic characteristics further perceived and attributed to its carriers as charisma. Charismatic politicians have always been characterised by sharp statements, categorical views and mobilising speech. Inspirited or pep rhetoric is inherent in politicians whose position is contrary to the majority of the public, the opinion of their political allies, members of Parliament, etc. This paper will consider the origins of Weber's theory of charismatic domination, the chronology of the origin and development of the concept of "charisma" over the period from 1910 to the present; the specifics of the historical taboo on charisma in the social and political discourse of Germany and the yearning for a new charismatic; successful adaptation of the German concept in American political discourse; methodology for discovering a future charismatic in the search for Grassroots-Charisma.

Риторичні засоби виразності політичного дискурсу (на матеріалі німецької та української мов)

Ірина Анатоліївна Черняєва, Ігор Валерійович Пересада — Wed, 19 Feb 2020 00:00:00 +0000

The article is devoted to the study of the concepts of "rhetorical means of expression" and "political discourse", to the study of the characteristics of modern German and Ukrainian political discourse, and primarily to the study of the New Year’s addresses of the female political leaders of Germany and Ukraine (Angela Merkel and Yulia Tymoshenko) and their comparative characteristics.

The article gave an assessment of the communicative situation, presentation of speeches by the speaker, his behavior. Linguistic impact strategies and tactics were discussed, as well as the use of rhetorical means of expression. It should be noted that in order to conduct a full, high-quality rhetorical analysis is necessary to know not only about public speaking components (communicative situation), but also about the arsenal of the means possessed by the rhetorician to achieve his goals (linguistic rhetorical means - tropes, system of means of argumentation, means of dialogization of language and other means of linguistic influence).

In the comparative analysis of New Year's speeches of political leaders – women of Germany and Ukraine, the following were considered: communicative situation (place, conditions of speech proclamation), presentation of the speaker's speech (gesture, facial expressions, correctness and expressiveness of the language), language strategies and tactics of linguistic influence, as well as the rhetorical artifact itself, namely its structure, thematic diversity and the used means of linguistic expression.

The article has identified the key role of political discourse in shaping public consciousness.

According to the results of the comparative analysis, we can conclude that in Ukraine as well as in Germany a significant role in the political and media sphere is played by the New Year's address of the Head of State and political leaders, which can be distinguished as a separate genre of language. It has a communicative purpose, author, recipient and kind of formal organization.